Duncan L. Niederaueriss Leadership

Soft Systems Thinking Essay Essays

Soft Systems Thinking Essay Essays Soft Systems Thinking Essay Paper Soft Systems Thinking Essay Paper Soft System Methodology ( SSM ) was developed as methodological analysis by Peter Checkland and his co-workers working at Lancaster University and Open University in the seventiess. The thought of the SSM is to understand. place and work out the existent universe jobs. This paper will get down with the history of SSM and its definition. Then it describes the SSM methodological analysis with a practical instance survey from the existent universe. The writer will look into the chief characteristics and benefits SSM. Afterwards the writer will show the relationship between the soft systems believing. cognition direction. rational capital and societal capital. Soft Systems Methodology ( SSM ) is now taught and used around the universe. â€Å"SSM as an attack to undertaking the multi-faceted jobs which directors face ; in making this. it besides established the now well-recognized differentiation between ‘ hard’ and ‘ soft’ systems thinking† ( Winter. 2000 ) . Soft Systems Methodology is based on systems believing. It views the job sphere in a holistic instead than reductionist manner. recognizing that the constituent parts are interconnected. so that a alteration to one portion will impact the other parts. â€Å"Systems believing is a model for seeing interrelatednesss instead than things. for seeing forms of alteration instead than inactive snapshots† ( Frank. 2002 ) . Systems believing propose flexible linguistic communication which can spread out. form and alter the human being normal manner of believing in respect to complex affairs. Wang and Ahmed ( 2003 ) argue that soft systems enclose a broad scope of soft constituents including historical. personal. cultural and institutional factors which lays the bases of organizational acquisition. Taking a holistic attack requires the ability to distance oneself from daily operational jobs and to see how jobs and issues are connected to the overall form that underlies peculiar inside informations and events. Senge ( 1990. cited Bonn. 2001 ) calls this attack as â€Å"systems thinking† . He argues that: â€Å"We must look beyond personalities and events. We must look into the underlying constructions which shape single actions and make the conditions where types of events become likely† . SSM is called human activity systems ( Brocklesby. 1995 ) . SSM methodological analysis composes of seven phases and those are: 1. The job state of affairs unstructured. 2. The job state of affairs structured. 3. Root definitions of relevant systems. 4. Conceptual theoretical accounts. 5. Comparison of phase 4 and phase 2. 6. Identify executable and desirable alterations A ; 7. Action to better the job state of affairs. These phases are shown below in Figure 1. Figure 1. Traditional SSM Seven Stages Phases 1. 2. 5. 6. and 7 are existent universe activities that involves existent people in the job state of affairs or the existent job that needs to be improved. These activities speak every twenty-four hours linguistic communication of the peculiar state of affairs. While phases 3 and 4 are system believing activities which may or may non affect those in the job state of affairs depending on the fortunes. It describes what complexness of the system and what and how the system ought to look like. These activities speak the linguistic communication of the system. Another manner to believe of these activities are to believe of activities 1 and 2 as the stage of happening out about the job state of affairs. stages 3. 4. and 5 contribute to do up the stage of system thought. and eventually stages 6 and 7 are the stage of taking action. These seven phases do non stand for a individual procedure which can be followed from start to the terminal in a consecutive order and after which a right determination or an reply will be obvious. These phases are phases in a procedure and this procedure may hold to be repeated many times before a sensible adjustment or understanding may be reached. Planing and direction is progressively debatable in the real-world environment of gyrating alteration and uncertainness. Knowledge is uncomplete. values are in difference and the determinations of others are frequently unpredictable. Problem structuring methods ( PSMs ) are now a cardinal direction accomplishment. It is the procedure of recovering information from long-run memory and external memory and utilizing it to build the job infinite. i. e. to stipulate ends. operators and rating maps etc. The methods which have come. jointly. to be known as PSMs were developed independently from the mid 1960s onwards. What each PSM offers is a manner of stand foring the state of affairs ( that is. a theoretical account or theoretical accounts ) that will enable participants to clear up their quandary. converge on a potentially actionable common job or issue within it. and agree committednesss that will at least partly decide it. There are many types of PSMs and the more standard signifiers of the chief methods may be briefly summarized as follows: -Strategic options development and analysis ( SODA ) : This is a general job designation method that uses cognitive function as a modeling device for arousing and entering individuals’ positions of a job state of affairs. -Soft systems methodological analysis ( SSM ) : This is a general method fro system redesign. Participants build ideal-type conceptual theoretical accounts ( CMs ) . one for each relevant universe position. -Strategic pick attack ( SCA ) : This is a planning attack centred on pull offing uncertainness in strategic state of affairss. -Robustness analysis: This is an attack that focuses on keeping utile flexibleness under uncertainness. -Drama theory: This draws on the two attacks. metagames and hypergames. It is an synergistic method of analyzing co-operation and struggle among multiple histrions. Sometimes non merely one attack is used but several. When developing an IT scheme for a big UK supermarket concatenation ( Sainsbury ) . they deployed and adapted a broad scope of PSMs in combination. Cognitive maps ( from the SODA attack ) were drawn. The following stage was to analyze each possible new IT systems in more item. for which the undertaking force members learned to utilize SSM. The rating of these possible systems was conducted utilizing the ‘comparing’ manner of the SCA. The concluding phase involved change overing the precedence portfolio of systems into a smaller figure of larger undertakings. New systems were developed and introduced over a five twelvemonth period. and were found to ensue in significant. measured benefits. SSM has advantages and those are: the ability to work out soft jobs where hard techniques fails ; takes societal. political. and power distribution issues into consideration through the application of cultural watercourse analysis ; Support different point of views through rich images ; can be used for larning in add-on to work outing jobs ; can be used in system where there is ill-situation but there is no specific ends and aims ; allows for new and inventive solutions to be discovered ; really utile in the beginning of work outing a job to happen out about the job state of affairs and understands demands. SSM has disadvantages and those are used to work out some ill-parts of the system but it doesn’t construct a whole system ; it does non state you how to construct the system ; the power managing portion seems fancy where the directors ever have the upper manus ; direction are non so happy about the nature of unfastened ended SSM ; heavy weight and clip devouring procedure ; limited in the design of a new system. Executives in successful administrations systematically search for ways to better the public presentation of their administrations. This motivates direction of such administrations. to obtain new apprehensions of some of the implicit in but complex mechanisms. e. g. Knowledge. that govern the endeavor effectivity. Increasingly. the cognition being captured and used by administrations is seen as the footing for the firm’s competitory advantage. Offsey ( 1997 ) asserts â€Å"As the gait of planetary competition quickens. executives realize that their border lies in more expeditiously reassigning cognition across their organisations† . On the other manus Inkpen ( 1996 ) argues that ‘Increasingly. the creative activity of new organizational cognition is going a managerial priority†¦ . . A failure to make cognition and pull off it as a critical organizational plus may account for the worsening public presentation of many well-established firms† . Such considerations from administrations led to the outgrowth of a new motion known as Knowledge Management ( KM ) . Knowledge direction is a cyclic acquisition procedure where SSM adds value in motive on uninterrupted and effectual acquisition ( Gao. Li and Nakamori. 2002 ) . Many research workers view the construct of KM as about people and non engineering. Quinn ( 1992. cited Soliman and Spooner. 2000 ) believes that the economic and bring forthing power of a modern corporation lies in its rational and service capablenesss alternatively of its difficult assets. Sarvary ( 1999. cited Alvesson and Karreman. 2001 ) goes ‘There is much more to knowledge direction than engineering entirely. Knowledge direction in a concern process† . Davenport and Prusak ( 1998 ) define cognition as â€Å"a unstable mix of framed experience. values. contextual information. and adept penetration that provides a model for measuring and integrating new experiences and information. It originates and is applied in the heads of apprehenders. In administrations. it frequently becomes embedded non merely in paperss or depositories but besides in organizational modus operandis. procedures. patterns and norms† . Nonaka ( 1991 ) suggests that there are two types of cognition: tacit. which is embedded in the human encephalon and can non be expressed easy ; and explicit cognition. which can be easy codified. Researchers argue about the importance of the above two types of cognition. While some focal points on pull offing expressed cognition. others argue that more accent is to be given to pull offing the tacit cognition. Mintzberg ( 1989. cited Soliman and Spooner. 2000 ) argues â€Å"The strategic informations bank of the administration is non in the memory of its computing machines but in the heads of its managers† . In order to transform the above two types of cognition within the house into a valuable plus. cognition. experience. and expertness must undergo some KM Procedures that may include formalisation. distribution. sharing. and application of cognition. Von Krogh et Al. ( 2000a. B ) identified a six measure KM procedure that starts with creative activity and progresses to knowledge gaining control and storage. knowledge polish. cognition distribution. cognition usage. and monitoring of the full procedure. Theories such as: Theory Y ( McGregor. 1960 ) . Management by Objectives ( Drucker. 1965 ) . strategic planning by Mintzberg and Porter ( 1970s ) . Entire Quality Management by figure of quality gurus such as ( Deming. 1986 ; Juran and Gryna. 1993 ; Crosby. 1979 ; Feigenbaum. 1991 ) . and Learning Organization ( Senge. 1990 ) . are all stand foring the development in the tools and patterns in the direction field during the 20th and twenty-first century. As a consequence of the uninterrupted attempt of seeking the competitory advantage. new construct of direction has emerged. underscoring on the importance of pull offing consistently and explicitly the organisational rational plus. â€Å"As a consequence the direction community has come to recognize that what an organisation and its employees know is at the bosom of how the organisation functions† ( Davenport. Prusak. 2000 ) . Drucker ( cited in DeTienne A ; Jackson. 2001 ) supports the same position and mentioned that â€Å"We know that the beginning of wealth is something human: cognition. If we apply knowledge to tasks we already cognize how to make. we call it productiveness. If we apply knowledge to tasks that are new and different. we call it invention. Merely cognition allows us to accomplish these two goals† . The value of the organisation’s cognition should be recognised. so that cognition is managed as an plus ( Rowley. 1999 ) . Kannan and Aulbur ( 2004 ) argue that rational capital. knowledge direction and intangible assets are of import factors in finding the value of an organisation. as reflected in the growing of the cognition direction industry. Intangible assets such as good will. patents. hallmarks. rational capital and client lists are going cardinal assets in many of today’s corporations. particularly in the engineering industry. With the turning influence of intang ible assets. their appraisal is going more of import and the standards for their appraisal should besides go on to develop to assist extinguish any abnormalities that may originate. This is indispensable in protecting the credibleness of comptrollers and the stockholders of corporations. â€Å"Intellectual capital can be defined as rational resources that have been â€Å"formalized. captured and leveraged† to make assets of higher value† ( Prusak. 1998 cited Kannan and Aulbur. 2004 ) . Rastogi ( 2002 ) defines IC as â€Å"A firm’s holistic art and potency for making value† . IC refers to rational stuff such as rational belongings. cognition. information and experience that can be used to make wealth. Intangible assets are innately hard to mensurate and include a big figure of organisational and single variable ( Kannan and Aulbur. 2004 ) . Intellectual capital may be both the terminal consequence of a cognition transmutation procedure or the cognition itself that is transformed into rational assets of the house ( Dzinkowski. 2000 ) . Three extra signifiers of capital have became popular constructs in the new economic system of the past mark old ages: market capital. rational capital. and knowledge capital ( Tymon and Stumpf. 2003 ) . Management is of import in organizing. fosterage and heightening rational capital to do it productive. There is some incompatibility and confusion between the footings KM and IC. There is an copiousness of literature on both. each covering with the same issue that the value of cognition as an organisational plus ( Egbu. 2004 ) . Intellectual Capital consist of Social Capital: Relationships within and outside the administration ; Human Capital: The people within the administration ; Structural Capital: The procedure and operations of the administration ; Customer Capital: Value of external relationships. Organization such as Skandia describes rational capital through measuring of new indexs. A balance scorecard for mensurating public presentation on fiscal capital and assorted rational capital dimensions is presented to Skandia direction ( Bucklew. 1999 ) . Bucklew ( 1999 ) argues that rational capital additions company value and makes concern operations more efficient. Beside that he arguers that the sharing of competences requires direction of information which indicates that both information direction and rational capital are related. The Intangible Asset Monitor was developed by Karl Erik Sveiby as a presentation format that displays indexs for internal direction information intents ( Sveiby. 1997 ) . Success in the 21st century will be more societal and relational than it has been since kins were the prevailing societal construction of society. Tymon and Stumpf ( 2003 ) argue that societal capital is the stock of accrued resources that one can entree based on the relationships that can help or be leveraged in carry throughing an terminal or fostering a chase. The stock of accrued resources that can be accessed via these relationships is what we define as societal capital. â€Å"These resources include information. thoughts. leads. concern chances. fiscal capital. power. emotional support. good will. trust. and cooperation† ( Baker. 2000 ) . Social capital can be defined as the existent and possible resources embedded within. available through. and derived from the web of relationships possessed by an person or societal unit. In this definition. societal capital comprises both the web and the assets. which may be mobilized through that web. Since rational capital is by and large created through a procedure of uniting the cognition and experience of different parties. it is dependent upon exchange between these parties. ( Nahpiet. 1997 ) . The worker is farther alienated from other people. since capitalist economy transforms societal dealingss into market dealingss. and people are judged by their place in the market instead than by their human qualities. Peoples come to see each other as hypostatizations – as worker or as capitals – instead than as persons. In the writer sentiment. the societal dealingss of capital that arise are between those who own the agency of production. and those who must work. This entails a relation non merely of belongings. but besides of power. The dealingss are characterized in category battles which leads to development. by pull outing excess labor. and therefore to disaffection of the worker. It is the potency of societal capital to take to new penetrations ( rational capital ) through the interactions among a diverse group of sure others in covering with an issue. Knowledge workers skilled in the usage of societal capital acknowledge this interactive potency. Much of the grounds of the relationship between societal capital and rational capital high spots the significance of the relational dimension of societal capital. In peculiar. research identifies many ways in which aspects of relationships influence the motive of parties to prosecute in cognition creative activity through exchange and combination. â€Å"It is both normative and descriptive in nature in an effort to see the full cognition rhythm. The model is normative in that is prescribes specific KM processs ( or undertakings ) . and it is descriptive in that it identifies properties of KM that influence its success or failure organisational civilization. acquisition. scheme. cognition classifications† ( Rubenstein – Montano. Liebowitz. Buchwalter. McCaw. Newman and Rebeck. 2001 ) Harmonizing to several research workers. societal capital can act upon professional success ; aid workers in the occupation hunt procedure and make a better portfolio of employees for the organisation ; ease the exchange of resources between units ; estimulate invention. rational capital creative activity and the efficiency of multidisciplinary squads ; cut down the rotary motion of employees and back up the creative activity of start-ups ; and beef up dealingss with providers. regional web production and inter-organizational acquisition. There is one of import and critical facet. which contributes to the effectivity of the transportation of cognition within any house. which is the civilization of the administration. Goh ( 2002 ) argues that â€Å"one cultural dimension critical to knowledge transportation is co-operation and collaboration†¦The existing of a strong co-operative and collaborative civilization is an of import requirement for cognition transportation between persons and groups† . Developing a civilization that encourages sharing and reassigning of cognition is a really of import function of the direction of any administration. A civilization that should be built on trust and transparence between all persons within the administration. a civilization that will honor persons who portions their cognition and reassign it to their equals within the administration. a civilization that encourages acquisition of different competencies required by the house. and a civilization that encourage horizontal communicating flows through the set uping cross-functional squads within the administration. should be encouraged. Such civilizations would be achieved through the leading committedness of the administration. and through paying attending. as suggested by Devanport and Prusak ( 1998 ) . to the amateur cognition workers who perform the different cognition work. and besides by the creative activity of a Chief Learning officer place within the company. In decision. the SSM plays of import function in measuring the design a system to carry on cognition direction which is the rational capital of the house. Firm’s civilization and administration construction from the leading point of the position are the cardinal factors for interchanging and sharing the cognition which is the rational capital and treated as an assets. REFERANCES Alvesson. M. and Karreman. D. ( 2001 ) Odd Couple: Making Sense Of The Curious Concept Of Knowledge Management. Journal Of Management. Studies. 38:7. November 2001. pp. 0022-2380. Bonn. I. ( 2001 ) Developing Strategic Thinking as a Core Competency. Management Decision. Vol. 39 No. 1. pp 63-70. Brocklesby. J. ( 1995 ) Using Soft Systems Methodology to Identify Competence Requirements in HRM. International Journal of Manpower. Vol. 16 No. 5/6. pp. 70-84. Davenport. T. and Prusak. L. ( 1998 ) Working Knowledge. Cambridge. Ma: Harvard Business School Press. Egbu. C. O ( 2004 ) Pull offing Knowledge and Intellectual Capital for Improved Organizational Innovations in the Construction Industry. An Examination of Critical Success Factors. Engineering. Construction and Architectural Management. Volume 11. No. 5. pp. 301-315 Frank. M. ( 2002 ) What is â€Å"engineering systems thinking† ? Kybernetes. Vol. 31 No. 9/10. 2002. pp. 1350-1360. Gao. F. . Li. M. and Nakamori. Y. ( 2002 ) Systems Thinking on Knowledge and Its Management: Systems Methodology for Knowledge Management. Journal of Management. 6 ( 1 ) pp. 7-17. Goh. S. G. ( 2002 ) Pull offing Effective Knowledge Transfer: An Integrative Model and some Practice Implications. Journal Of Management. Vol. 6. No. 1. pp. 23-30. Nonaka. I. ( 1991 ) â€Å"The Knowledge Creation Company† . Harvard Business Review. November/December. pp. 96-104. Inkpen. A. C. ( 1996 ) Making Knowledge Through Collaboration. California Management Review. Vol. 39. No. 2. Fall 1996. Kannan. G. and Aulbur. W. G. ( 2004 ) Intellectual Capital Measurement Effectiveness. Journal of Intellectual Capital. Vol. 5 No. 3. pp. 389-413 Nonaka. I. ( 1991 ) The Knowledge Creation Company. Harvard Business Review. November/December. pp. 96-104. Offsey. S. ( 1997 ) Knowledge Management: Associating Peoples to Knowledge for Bottom Line Results. Journal Of Knowledge Management. Vol. 1. No. 2. December 1997. Soliman. F. and Spooner. K. ( 2000 ) Strategies for Implementing Knowledge Management: function of human resource direction. Journal Of Knowledge Management. Vol. 4. No. 4. 2000. pp. 337-345. Tymon. W. G. and Stumpf. S. A. ( 2003 ) Social Capital in the Success of Knowledge Workers. Career Development International. 8/1. pp. 2-20 Von Krogh. G. Khijo. K. . and Nonaka. I. ( 2000a ) Enabling Knowledge Creation. How to Unlock the Mystery of Tacit Knowledge and Release the Power of Innovation. Oxford University Press. New York. NY. Von Krogh. G. . Nonaka. I. . Nishiguchi. T. ( Eds ) ( 2000b ) Knowledge Creation. A Source Of Value. Macmillan. New York. NY. Wang. C. L. and Ahmed. P. K. ( 2003 ) Emotion: The Missing Part of Systems Methodologies. Kybernetes. Vol. 32 No. 9/10. pp. 1283-1296 Winter. M. ( 2000 ) The Relevance of Soft Systems Thinking. Human Resource Development International. Vol. 3 No. 3. pp 377-383

Transforming of Olympic Games Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Transforming of Olympic Games - Assignment Example Budgetary transformation has been one of the leading factors. The International Olympics Committee’s (IOC) budget during the early half period of the 20th century was quite meagre. The then president of IOC, Avery Brundage was quite aggressive in his approach not to allow commercial stakes to play a role in Olympic Games. A shift in approach was seen in 1980 when Juan Antonio Samaranch was president of the IOC, as he wanted to bring about a change for making the IOC monetarily strong. The Olympic Program (TOP) was initiated by Samaranch in 1985. Still TOP membership fee is quite high, to the tune of US$50 million for a period of 4 years (Buchanon & Mallon, 2006). Coubertin was against making IOC a commercial organisation, as he defined Olympism â€Å"not a system but a state of mind...created by the cultivation of both effort and eurhythmy...the basis of absolute virility,† as cited by (Buchanon & Mallon, 2006, Introduction ci.). Politics has interfered in Olympics different ways. Take for example the holding of 1936 Olympics at Berlin, facing large scale boycott to raise voice against Nazism although the movement could not succeed. Racism was widely prevalent in American society at that time, as the African American Jesse Owens had to live in a racist environment even after winning four gold medals in track. The 1968 Olympics faced demonstrations from black athletes, inspired by the civil rights and black power movements.

Cloning in Animals and Humans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Cloning in Animals and Humans - Essay Example It was an achievement for the scientists but a question of ethics and morals for other groups. This clone was considered to be a path of initiation towards the formation of human clones as well (Pence 2004, p 17). Thus, the subject of cloning of humans and animals has been a center of arguments and debates. The cloning of Dolly in the year 1995 became a matter of concern for many groups. The President of the United States, Bill Clinton did not approve of cloning and issued a statement that the government would not invest in this field of cloning. The National Bioethics Advisory Commission put forward a report in the year 1997 in which it strongly prohibited the research for the formation of human clones. Feminist groups argued against this technique and presented the fact that it would be used by people to promote the domination of the society by males. Hence the subject became a matter of global concern (Kass et al 1998 p XV-XVI). Though there was the initiation of many debates by different groups, the success of animal cloning continued and since the year 1998, different animal clones were produced. These included clones of calves, mice, pigs and goats. A goat was cloned in Japan and it was claimed that the goat would be able to generate milk in a much greater quantity. The cloning of mice was also considered to be a success owing to the fact that they are used very often for the process of conducting medical research activities. These breakthroughs of cloning in animals carried great benefits. Japan cloned cattle which would assist in the production of a greater amount of milk and this would fulfill the shortcomings of this industry in the country. Hence animal cloning carried with it major benefits (Pence 2004, p 17-19). In the United States, the utilization of meat and milk from the cloned animals was prohibited as much research on their safety was considered essential before it was permitted for consumpt ion.

Weight lifting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Weight lifting - Essay Example Most gyms do have at least the very basic strength training tools to enable their subscribers engage in a well balanced fitness schedule. As per medical and fitness experts, people who include strength training in their fitness schedule do reap a variety of health benefits. It is a reality that as people age, they start losing muscle mass with time. This compensates their overall stamina and energy levels. Strength training is one sure way to gain muscle mass even during mature years and to maintain a youthful posture and body tone (Komaroff, 2014). It is known to positively aid body mechanics. Besides, optimal levels of muscle mass and strength helps people remain energetic and it improves their capacity for work and sports (Komaroff, 2014). Aged people who practice strength training are more likely to retain physical balance and stability even during mature years (Komaroff, 2014). Besides, strength training also improves pumping capacity of heart and helps people maintain healthy blood pressure (Anderson, 2005). It is also known that improvements in muscle mass and strength facilitated by strength training exercises does quicken body’s metabolic rate and help people maintain a healthy body weight by burning more calories (Anderson, 2005). Above all, strength training has especially been found to be of immense relevance to women, who are more vulnerable to osteoporosis as compared to men. Inactivity is known to dilute bone density, thereby leading to heightened risk of osteoporosis. Consequently, engaging in regular strength training is known to improve bone density and reduce chances of osteoporosis and brittle bones (Anderson, 2005). The benefits of strength training do not stop here. Moreover, strength training has also been found to improve immunity and body’s ability to fight against diseases. It also decreases

The Death of the Author by Roland Barthes

The Death of the Author by Roland Barthes In this essay I am going to write about Roland Barthes concept of The Death of the Author and how it applies to class and taste in the work of Tracey Emin. The reason why I am investigating this is that I want to show how different classes views work differently. my theory is that if your brought up in a similar class to someone else then your views on art work will be similar. the essay is divided into 3 section. Section 1 I will be talking about the Roland Barthes concept of The Death of the Author which is an essay on who holds the meaning of any text/ artwork is it the author or the reader, he says as soon as the author present their work the meaning behind the creation dies, so the new meaning lies behind the reader, I will also be explain what Michel Foucault theory is which is contrasting to Barthes theory, I will be using Martin Parr mainly looking at his series for Last resort 1983-85. Section 2 I will be describing what class and taste is, I will also be introducing critical perspectives such as Marxism and Feminism. Introducing some key theorist including Pierre Bourdieu and Antonio Gramsci. I will be using Grayson Perrys Tapestries for the series the vanity of small differences 2009 that he created that explores class and taste. Section 3 will be my main case study and I will be discussing Tracey Emins work in terms of class and taste and how Barthes theory applies to her work. This framework shouldnt be biased on Marxist view or a feminism view because I am looking at what people think of Emins work what class and taste does it have and what she has. Also to see whether The Death of the Author applies to her work. Does she hold the meaning or does the viewer. In this section I am going to be exploring the work of Roland Barthes. Barthes was born in 1915 and died in 1980, he was a French literary theorist, philosopher, linguist, critic and semiotician. Barthe wrote an influential essay called The Death of the Author. This essay was first published in a French journal in 1968. It was then re-published in 1977 in an anthology of Barthes essays called image-music-text. The Death of the Author is written in a semiotic framework. A British visual semioticians called Daniel Chandler defines semiotics as is the study of signs (chandler,1994). Semiotics and signs are split into 2 which are signifier and the signified, a signifier the form which the sign takes and a signified the concept it represents. In this essay that I am writing about Barthes argues against the method of reading, nobody reads the description about picture first they are intrigued and get lost in the picture itself, he says that the reader has full control on what the context is all about, leaving their own mark on the meaning of a particular artwork for an example the Piss Christ created by Andres Serrano photographed in 1989 (see figure 1) his intentions with this image was to show how we all use this motif as a fashion accessory which people are not horrified by it all, but what it represents is the crucifixion of a man that will hold meaning forever not just to religious people, it has become well known. It caused controversy for more than two decades by art critics and religion, Christians found the art work very offensive, this art work was severely damaged in several places it has been exhibited. Art critic Jesse Helms had only one view on Piss Christ even after reading the synopsis serrano is not an artist. He is a Jerk (Brooks, 2014). I disagree with Helms view due to what his intentions where. This essay addresses the lack of power of the authors in reading and analysing text/ artwork, this shows that reader or viewer ignores the authors and work background and focus on the work itself. When critically analysing a writing/ art work Barthes says the author, his person, his life, his tastes, his passions (Barthes P.383) what I think Barthes is trying to say is that when we analyze work whatever the outcome whether its success or failure the author is forced to take full responsibility of the work they present, its his work. Serrano had intentions to present the work but he wanted it to show that we use the Christ as a fashion accessory but in fact this work was failure to present his idea to the world but he did succeed as this work managed to cause controversy to everyone. In The Death of the Author Barthes discusses the text itself appearing as copied from other works. The intention of the text could be misleading due to the translation from the author to text then to the reader this is due to the subjectivity of the reader, different levels of education would read this text differently and get their own interpretation of the text. This point ultimately leads to Barthes main point: the reader holds more responsibility to the text than the author. The difficulty of different connotations and experiences that come from the author into the text are compressed and flattened when it arrives to the reader. The reader comes empty handed and is completely self-engaged with the image presented. It is as if a sculpture, a three dimensional work, is photographed, reduced to two dimensions. So much information is condensed and made out-of-the-way to the viewer. Barthes makes the point that the origin of a work may lie with the author, but its destination is with the reader. Meaning that the original meaning lies with the author and some of that is noticed but the real notice is but the reader. I believe this as you never read the text to see what its about, you read the picture get your own connotations from it and then read the text if you can be bothered to do so. Barthes puts a point across of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the birth of the reader must be at the cost of The Death of the Author. (Barthes cited in Dayton, 1998, P.386). I believe that the reader holds the majority of the meaning but the author holds some meaning, especially if the author has a description of the image next to it, which the reader can then read to find out the background of the image can could give a different perspective on the work that could be what the author is trying to do or lead to a completely different to what the reader and the author is portraying. Barthes goes on to say a text consists of multiple writings, issuing from several cultures and entering into dialogue with each other à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. But there is one place where this multiplicity is collected, united, and this place is not the author, as we have hitherto said it was, but the reader (Barthes 1968 P.6) I believe what he is trying to say here is that when people say a picture holds a thousand words doesnt mean a thousand words in a culture but each culture places their words of meaning into an image, these words are then collated with each other to bring a final meaning to a picture. So Barthes is saying Millions of minds working together is better than one mind coming up with the meaning behind an+ image. Even if the meaning has a particular journey to get there. Barthes states that the author is only a way through which a story is told. They have already been done by the journey of the particular image. But still the meaning behind an image still lays on the reader(s). if the reader was to view the work through the eye of the author then they will not gain any benefit from viewing an image. Barthes is saying that when we view an image without a text we immediately can relate to the image in a certain way, if they dont then they are only stuck with the authors thoughts and intentions, which will not go far for the author. I think this is true because the author likes to know what the readers think of their work they are interested in the positives but most interested in the negatives, due to their personal experience that the image has recreated. (Atchison, 2016) It appears that when Barthes says the birth of the reader must come at the cost of The Death of the Author, it would help the reader to interpretation and understand the image if they were some to non-connection between the author and the image. I believe that the author will never be completely dead. The thought process and the process of the image has some meaning to the image. Barthes said that the author should get neither praise for a good book not blamed for a bad one this is insinuating that the authors need labels, I believe that readers are responsible for the continued presence of the author. As well as the authors own interests in being involved. The author is stuck between death and alive the author cant control what the viewers see of their work neither does he have a massive say on what they mean. For an example Martin Parrs work who I will introduce further in the essay, when we view his work we immediately know its him due to his artistic approach so we know immediate ly know what the work would be about, so the meaning holds with the author, whereas Tracey Emin who also will be introduced later in the essay, her work was viewed differently due to her fame, she wasnt known as much, her work was seen the opposite to what her intentions where. Only now as she became famous and more well-known her work is now seen as how she wanted it to be seen. Nevertheless, in comparison to what Barthes is saying which is the meaning of an image remains on the reader, Michel Foucault was mentioned in the book Practises of Looking. He says yes the viewer does make meaning but there is a place for the author input/ style. This is called the author function. He identifies multiple functions of the author of 3 ways: which are author as a legal construction so we rely on author copyright and charge on plagiarism, author as literary construction so we they build a story to go with the image and author as a unifying construction, this function shows our belief that authors are internally steady. (Kelley, 2011) We can see this theory in the work of Martin Parr mostly in his series of Last Resort, 1985. (see fig 2,3 and 4) A little description about this series by Parr, they were taken 1983 to 1985, which was a period of economic decline in northwest England. Parr picked a seaside resort that has passed its attractions designed to appeal to an economically depressed working class. Which are overcrowded beaches, video arcades, beauty competitions, chip chops and tea rooms. The series was exhibited at the serpentine gallery in London. Published as a book in 1986 and this set Parrs reputation as a photographer. Parr contrasts the traditional approach to documentary photography, he shows the working class seeking cheap thrills for pleasure. The typical documentary photographer photographs brits sought to worship the working class. In the 1980s The Last Resort was seen to be accused as to show what the economic policies of the conservative government led by Margaret Thatcher (Prime Minister 1979- 90). Parr was showing that Britain wasnt great due to thatcher, I was showing that it wasnt as good as she was telling us it was. We see a great division of meaning in his work, the north understood what Parr was trying to get across but the south sees his work as unartistic. Some critics understood Parrs illustration of what the economic lacked. Val William has read the image with a less politician approach, in her views, the last resort typifies Parrs keen eye for the strange. She commented theres no sarcasm in Parrs gaze, just interest, excitement and a real sense of the comedic (Williams, 2002 p.161). Parr himself has claimed, Im less interested in the fact that these people arent well off financially as in the fact that they have to deal with screaming kids, like anyone has to Im also interested in making the photographs work on another level, showing how British society is decaying; how this once great society is falling apart (Williams, 2002, p.160). I agree with Williams on what she is saying, Parr take images as it is with his same technique that he uses. They are no real approach to his work. Also what I think he is trying to portray what us as brits have to deal with when we are the working the class, we dont have much money for a luxury holid ay or to even live, the working class has to take the cheap route to be thrilled. In the DVD (the world according to Parr) David Hurn who is an English documentary photographer and member of the magnum photos, born in 1934, he stated he has managed to encapsulate the vulgarity of this period. What he is trying to say is that Parr encloses quality of being sophisticated at the period of time he was photographing. But other members of the magnum photos group they considered to be Thatcherite, portraying working class as scruffy, unintelligentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ butà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ he rapidly became a top earner. Which is what my original view of Parrs work was like until I read into why he was photographing. In the same source Val williamson who was his biographer and curator she refers to him as a traditional documentary photographer, although I disagree as traditional documentary photographers in the era he was photographing are mostly in black and white or desaturated images. Parrs images are very saturated which is completely different to what everyone else was doing around the same time as he the series of images that he was doing. But if you look at Parr image you know immediately it was created by him use to his aesthetics, of saturated colours, the randomness of what he is photographing and the quality of his images. In contrast critic Colin Jacobson comments that Parr is wacky colour photographyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ attractive to magazine editors (DVD) he also describes Parr as a gratuitously cruel social critic who has made large amounts of money by sneering at the foibles and pretensions of other people.. (Bishop 2005) he also mentions that He uses the same tools as forensic and medical photographers a macro lens coupled with a ring-flash and photographs his subjects methodically. (Jesse Alexander, 2008). Now I agree with what Jacobson is saying his technique is the same with no matter what the subject matter is and he isnt exactly exploring new ways to photograph but what I have explained earlier this is his way of photographing, and due to this we can identify his images and we know what his work is all about, so really the theory of Death of the author is not true as we know what his intentions are due to his technique. I agree with his wacky colours, I think around the time he was photographin g this is a new technique and it was different to what everyone else was doing thats why I think he was attracted to magazine companies. Kathryn Mussallem states similar to Jacobson, the use of a ring flash saturates the colours to an extreme making cheap crap look even cheaper and crappier. Now this is similar but this is more a negative answer compared to Jacobson. I do think when he photographs he, makes crap things look crappier, but thats my opinion even after knowing why he photographs like this I still think the same, nothing is as saturated as that. She also mentioned The entire world is now caught in the saturated embrace of global consumerism. This is referring to his technique and his style. In this section I will be defining class and taste, some key words that needs to be addressed and I will also be looking into the work of Grayson Perry though class and taste perspective. a Marxist would say group of people sharing common relations to labour and the means of production about what class is all about, but in the encyclopaedia Britannica says social class, (also called class) is a group of people within a society who possess the same socioeconomic status (Encyclopaedia Britannica). This exactly what I believe class is all about, I see they are different class in society that hold powers and certain assets to family and to their country. Which are very similar they both mean a group of people in a particular society that share similar statuses or power. David Hume a philosopher in the seventeen hundred he says taste refined ability to perceive quality in an artwork he thinks that taste is developed by education and experience (freeland, 2001, p6), whereas another philosopher Immanuel Kant from mid seventeen hundred to early eighteen hundreds says that taste directly linked to beauty which is inherent in the work itself. So taste does not serve basic human need. (Freeland, 2001, p6). Pierre Bourdieu thinks that taste is largely determined and controlled by the dominant, ruling class. In the author of practises of looking in the glossary tastes is shared artistic and cultural values of a particular social community or individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ taste is informed by experiences relating to ones class, cultural background, education, and other aspects of identity. (Sturken and Cartwright, 2001) I think taste is down to preference but I understand what these three are saying taste is down to what class a certain individual is in. higher class doesnt mean you have good taste neither does the opposite, but taste is defiantly found in how educated and well discipline you are. This is also referred to habitus which is the idea that our taste is connected and results from our social class or education. Our taste identifies our social class. They are high culture which is referred to one which only an elite can appreciate such as classical art, music, literature, ballet, opera. Lower culture seen as commercially produced and is accessible to lower classes. I personally think these doesnt determine what class or taste you come under due to lower class can like high culture, I can also say that high class will like lower cultured stuff. Again this is determined by how well educated you are. (Sturken and Cartwright, 2001) From the book Practises of Looking they are some key Marxist terms and theoretical areas that link to class and taste that I think are needed to express, these are Ideology, this is the system of ideas of the ruling class, which is the ruling class controls the lower class, for Althusser it was a lifeless process through which people accepted their place in society. I think this mean no matter what society youre from the people accepted this. The lower class accept that the ruling class can rule control them. They are also hegemony, this is Gramscis development of ideology, the dominant ideologies changes and challenges values and ideas of the less dominant class. The artist that I am going to write about for class and taste is Grayson Perry. The main focus art work(s) that I am focusing on are his 6 tapestries that he created based on class and taste, these are called the vanity of small differences. Perry was born in 1960s, his childhood has been a massive influence on his life, his teenager years he discovered he has an alter ego called Claire. In 2003 he won the turner prize. He is most famous for his large scaled pottery and extraordinary detail about transvestite potter. He is also a BAFTA-winning documentary maker; author; social commentator; curator and a lecturer. His tapestries are inspired by William Hogarths moral tale, who is an 18th century painter, Perrys tapestries follow the life of a fictional character called Tim Rakewell, as he develops from beginning through his teenage and middle years, to his untimely death in a car accident. The tapestries are rich in both content and colour and they show many weirdness and uniqueness that is associated with life in the UK. The composition of each tapestry also remembrances early Renaissance religious painting which draws us in to an art history. (Council, 2016) Perrys work is considered to be Kitsch due to his high saturation on his garments. Kitsch is defined as a German word for trash, and is used in English to describe particularly cheap, vulgar and sentimental forms of popular and commercial culture (tate, 2016). In this section I am going to talk about Tracey Emin and how different people in different classes view and read her work. I shall first talk about her. Tracey Emin was born in 1963 July, and she is an English artist known for her Narrative and confessional artwork. Her artwork is to challenge the subject matter and portrays a taboo. She also challenges feminism (explained later in the essay), the male gaze, class and taste. She challenges the working class root and everyday à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ She produces work in different media such as drawings, sculpture, film, photography, neon text and sewn applique. She was once a member of the Young British Artists in the 1980s but now she is a Royal Academician of the royal Academy of Arts. Critics say that she relies on tactics that shock rather than the actual talent. The main work I am going to focus on is Emins work My Bed (1998) (see figure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) and everyone I have ever slept with (see figure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) which are both representation alternative ways of viewing the bod., It shocked the nation when my bed was shortlisted for the 1999 turner prize. Women are usually idealized cleansed and sanitized compared to men, this sort of work is expected to be done by male therefore maybe this is why the my bed was a dramatic and disgusting piece of artwork to some society. Emin applies certain feminist ideas that presents the invisible nude, she offers symbolic gestures that indicate evidence of the body rather than the body itself. My Bed is the site of trauma and disgust, and with all the other dirt left intact. Her work is a self-expressionist piece that shows her personal trauma she claims that she produced is based on a mental breakdown that she had for 4 days, she quoted: I had a kind of mini nervous breakdownà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ didnt get out of bed for four daysà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ made my way back to my bedroom, and as I did I looked at my bedroom and thought, OH, my God. What if Id died and they found me here? (Christies, 2014, P.2) I can believe that she had a break down but I dont believe that she stayed in bed for four days. One thing I have noticed with Tracey Emins work is that she expresses an unusual side of feminism. The term feminism comes from 3 different waves of feminism; overall feminism is the suffegettes back in the 60s. Second wave feminism, refers mostly to the radical feminism of the womens liberation movement in the late 60s and early 70s. Third wave feminism is basically girls being girlier and be seen as strong, capable and confident social representatives, The Third Wave is sustained by the confidence of having more opportunities and less sexism this approach can be seen for all genders that power and taking control in situations are good third wave feminism people (Krolà ¸kke, 2005). Tracey Emins exclusive subject matter is her own life. At first it appears that My Bed, symbolises Emins feminist engagement, yet equally she challenges it. We are presented with the artists own bed, her most personal space, its her own bed yet it is covered in clutter, couple of suitcases behind the bed the duvet is messed up and ruffled up, it is also littered with Emins personal possessions, such as bloody underwear, urine-stained sheets and worn underwear, used condoms, dirty clothes, a partially used tube of KY Jelly, empty bottles of alcohol, cigarettes, and an over flowing cigarette tray. This to me shows her insecurity and imperfection. Some experiences revolve around the bed; birth (ideally to some women own bed/ hospital bed), sleep, dreams, sex, illness and death (in some cases), (Kent, 1994, p54). Women are controlled and defined by the bedroom through marriage and sex due to society, the bed suggests sexual convenience but also limited. Emin further explores this in Everyone I Have Ever Slept With (see fig à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦), we see names of everyone she has ever slept with in her bed, the more noticeable names are men, but then when you look deeper we see names such as her grandparents which are now showing everyone that has been in her bed with her, maybe for comfort. I think Emin tries to show that we shouldnt judge a book by its cover concept. Throughout her oeuvre she shows serious feminist questions about womens sexual responsibility and draws attention to late 20th century societys double standard. (Doyle, 2006, p.98). Emins subject matter is herself and her personal experiences, her style is more personal and reflects universal concerns Emins work are alternative and the unusual route towards feminism. Her work is disagreeing with the stereotyped Feminity from history. It is also contrasting the male Gaze. The Male Gaze was introduced by Laura Mulvey in 1975 who was a film feminist critic, it is about how visual art and literature show the world and women from a masculine point of view, women are objectified for male pleasure. The male gaze is the ideal woman to men for sexual pleasure. The male Gaze was created for advertising purposes, firstly gaze is a concept used for analysing visual cultureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ that deals with how an audience views the people presented the types of gaze are mostly branded by who is doing the looking, which is the audience. Women in the advertisement becomes whats being bought and sold. Meaning buy this product and you will either get the girl or become the girl, so for Emin my bed shows a contrast of women but showing the truth about what women are truly like. The male gaze presents women as clean and tidy, but Emin is showing them as untidy and dirty as to what every person is like. Emin has had many critical views of her work my bed and everyone I have ever slept with. My bed has received criticism that it is self- indulgent or not real art!. Some art critics describe Emin and her work as self-degrading, exhibitionist and even self-flagellating. A paper critic, Richard Dorment calls Emin a phoney. He wrote What interests me about Emin is not her relentless self-absorption, limitless self-pit or compulsion to confess the sad details of her past life, but that all of this adds up to so little of real interest. (Dorment, 2016) what I think he is trying to say is that she is a lazy artist that she thought anything was art and she covered this up with a life story that is traumatic. Linking this back to section one and my opinion, I think if we didnt know the history behind creation of this installation we wouldnt feel the same with what the outcome was knowing why she created these art pieces. On different note the Saatchi gallery, the gallery that owns this work, and Saatchi writes that Emin work is A consummate storyteller, Tracey Emin engages the viewer with her candid exploration of universal emotions (gallery, 2016) he is saying that she is an excellent story teller she engages every viewer with her honest study of general passions. Even in all classes they all have their own thoughts on it, even if its a positive or negative. Journalist and author of dangerous women Liz Hoggard says that my bed had the most powerful effect on my life. For women of my generation, it broke so many taboos about the body, sexuality, shame maybe this was the start of anti-male gaze, I think Emin had a massive influence on female society but not so much on the male (Hoggard, 2015). also Jonathan Jones says Emin wasnt really doing anything new. I understand what he is trying to get across due to Robert Rauschenberg put his own bed into a museum in 1955 (see fig à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) he also says she rubs our noses in reality, in a way that subverts all our illusions, fantasies, snobberies and repressions, those barriers we put up between us and death. So we see a two side of Jones he is saying that she isnt doing art as we have already seen it before but also saying that its new art that pulls the reader into reality of living. See this critical analysis of Emins work is what Foucault is saying, if Emin didnt give detail on what my b ed is about he would just think that its already been done, but because they is a story behind my bed he is agreeing with the author function. Barthes, Roland. The Death of the Author. Art and Interpretation: An Anthology of Readings in Aesthetics and the Philosophy of Art. Ed. Eric Dayton. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview, 1998. 383-386. Print. Book Chandler, D. (1994). Semiotics for Beginners by Daniel Chandler. [online] Visual-memory.co.uk. Available at: http://visual-memory.co.uk/daniel/Documents/S4B/ [Accessed 15 Nov. 2016]. website Kelley, J. (2011). What does Foucault mean by the author-function in his essay What Is an Author ? | eNotes. [online] eNotes. Available at: http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-does-foucault-mean-by-author-function-his-248608 [Accessed 15 Nov. 2016]. website Imagine, The World According to Parr, 22:35 03/12/2003, BBC1 London, 50 mins. https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/004B986D (Accessed 21 Nov 2016) video Williams, V. (2002). Martin Parr. 1st ed. London: Phaidon. Book Christies, (2014). TRACEY EMINS MY BED ON THE MARKET FOR THE FIRST TIME YBA ICON SOLD TO BENEFIT THE SAATCHI GALLERYS FOUNDATION. 1st ed. [ebook] London: Press Release, p.2. Available at: http://www.christies.com/presscenter/pdf/2014/RELEASE_TRACEY_EMINS_MY_BED.pdf [Accessed 21st Nov 2016]. Website Krolà ¸kke, C. and Sà ¸rensen, A. (2005). Gender communication theories analyses. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Book Kent, S. (1994). Shark infested waters. 1st ed. London: Zwemmer. Book Merck, Mandy and Townsend, Chris, The Art of Tracey Emin, (London: Thames and Hudson, 2002) book Doyle, J. (2006). Sex objects. 1st ed. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Book Imagine: The World According to Parr. BBC1 3rd December 2003 video Dawber, S (2004) Martin Parrs Suburban Vision. Third Text. Vol18, Issue 3. p251-262. Papers Bishop,B (2005) Martin Parrs true colors. Online http://www.parisvoice.com/photography/35-martin-parrs-true-colors [assessed: 21 Nov 2016] Jesse Alexander, 2008 online http://www.jessealexander.co.uk/pages/writing/2008_6_parrworld.pdf [assessed: 21 Nov 2016] Dorment, R. (2016). Is it art?. [online] Telegraph.co.uk. Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturepicturegalleries/8216563/Is-it-art.html?image=8 [Accessed 21 Nov. 2016]. Online Gallery, S. (2016). Tracey Emin My Bed Contemporary Art. [online] Saatchigallery.com. Available at: https://www.saatchigallery.com/artists/artpages/tracey_emin_my_bed.htm [Accessed 21 Nov. 2016]. Council, B. (2016). Grayson Perry: The Vanity of Small Differences | Touring | Exhibitions | British Council à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Visual Arts. [online] Visualarts.britishcouncil.org. Available at: http://visualarts.britishcouncil.org/exhibitions/touring/grayson-perry-the-vanity-of-small-differences [Accessed 25 Nov. 2016]. Tate.org.uk. (2016). Kitsch. [online] Available at: http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/k/kitsch [Accessed 28 Dec. 2016]. Figure 1 Serrano, A. (1987). Immersion (Piss Christ). [image] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piss_Christ [Accessed 30 Dec. 2016]. Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12

Duty Of Care In Health,Social Care Or Childrens Settings

Task AWhen looking after children you have a duty of care to them, this means it is your responsibility to keep the child safe and free from harm. The younger the child the greater the duty of care is,you need to be vigilant and pay attention to keep children safe. Mentally risk assessing situations as they arise will help you see any potential dangers to the child and help you plan to avoid any risk. You also need to be aware of a child's feelings and help them develop them so they understand how words as well as actions can hurt others.Duty of care contributes to the safeguarding and protection of children as you have to follow certain procedures to keep children safe,such as safe guarding policies, risk assessments and precautions to avoid accidents or the spreading of infections. Assessments and observations on a children could alert you to any problems that may need addressing, these may then require discussions with parents and/or other professionals.Task BPotential conflict or dilemma: Child's parents don't want child taking part in certain activities due to their religion. How to manage the risk: Insure there are activities the child can take part in when the others are doing theirs, communicate with parents to avoid any such conflict. Where to get support and advice: Parents, online,library.Potential conflict or dilemma: Child swearing.How to manage the risk: Discuss with children about appropriate behaviour from the beginning. Where to get support and advice: Review ‘managing behaviour' policy regularly.Potential conflict or dilemma: Child wants to watch telly all day. How to manage the risk: Discussion with child,offer alternatives. Where to get  support and advice: The child- find out likes and dislikes.Task CHave in place complaints procedure and policy.

Mobile Computing Essay

Abstract Mobile computing offers significant benefits for organizations that choose to integrate the technology into their fixed organizational information system. Mobile computing is made possible by portable computer hardware, software, and communications systems that interact with a non-mobile organizational information system while away from the normal, fixed workplace. Mobile computing is a versatile and potentially strategic technology that improves information quality and accessibility, increases operational efficiency, and enhances management effectiveness. A detailed analysis, supported by selective presentation of published literature, is used to elucidate and support these asserted benefits of mobile computing. Additionally, a set of inquiring called the MOBILE framework is developed. The MOBILE framework assists information technology professionals in achieving the stated benefits of mobile computing by defining the types of problems, opportunities, and directives that are best addressed through mobile computing technology. Using mobile systems in urban systems is a research subject, which was addressed in the last year by several research projects and research papers. Thus, the research field of mobile systems in urban systems becomes more complex and more diversified. In such a situation and analyzing look at the research work done so far can provide valuable insights. Hence, in this paper a work in progress for a review of literature regarding the design, use and impact of mobile systems in urban systems will be presented. In this review a verbal approach will be used, which will be based on a reference framework. This reference framework will be mainly designed with respect to the research methods and research questions applied respectively discussed in the evaluated literature, so that in the end of the review conclusions regarding future research questions in the field of mobile and urban systems can be drawn. Introduction Android technology is a type of OSS (open source software), which is a type of software readily available with a source code that isn’t held exclusive by copyright laws. Android is made especially for mobile devices and includes: software that provides common services for computer applications, middleware, which lets multiple applications run at the same time or connect, and many other key applications like social networking, games, and business modules. Android is modeled after Linux kernel, the first operating system of free and open-source software. However, Android is moving to increase the number of people with web access via mobile devices (cell phones). In August of 2005, Google purchased the original software developer of Android. Android technology includes the hardware devices, operating systems, and computer-programming languages used by the Android phone. Android developers write in java language, which is why the majority of the open-source software stack consists of Java applications on a Java-based framework that is object-oriented. Some of the most popular android products are HTC-EVO 4G and Droid X, 2, and Pro smart phones as well as one of it’s latest developments, the Motorola XOOM, an Android tablet. Android continues to progress in its production of newer software, smart phones, etc. To date, there are over two hundred thousand applications offered for Android. Lastly, Android technology has improved mobile technology by forming the Open Handset Alliance, a group of handset manufacturers, service providers, and chip producers whose goal is to form the ecosystem for Android operating systems. The fundamental purpose of this paper is to illustrate that mobile computing is a versatile and potentially strategic technology that improves information quality and accessibility, increases operational efficiency, and enhances management effectiveness. A successive examination of the characteristics and benefits of mobile computing is used to achieve this goal.As a starting point, a definition of mobile comput ing is provided. Next, the technologies that make mobile computing possible (hardware, software, and communications) are examined. The discussion of mobile computing technologies leads into an overview of the types of applications that are commonly found on mobile computers. With this background established, the following two sections demonstrate the ability of mobile computing to improve both information quality and information accessibility. Using this knowledge in conjunction with mobile computing case examples, the ability of mobile computing to improve operational efficiency is subsequently supported. Then, the ability of mobile computing to increase management effectiveness is similarly supported. The previously discussed improvements in information quality, information accessibility, operational efficiency, and management effectiveness are then used to demonstrate that mobile computing is a versatile technology. Additionally, three separate existing frameworks for understanding the strategic nature of information technology are used to illustrate the strategic qualities of mobile computing. As with any technology, mobile computing must be used appropriately in order to attain the benefits that have been discussed. To this end, a set of heuristics called the MOBILE framework is developed by the author to assist information technology professionals in achieving the stated benefits of mobile computing. The MOBILE framework assists information technology professionals by defining the types of problems, opportunities, and directives that are best addressed through mobile computing technology. Before concluding, the paper discusses the continuous evolution and change that is occurring within the field of mobile computing. Two examples of new technologies that will impact mobile computing in the future are examined. The paper concludes with a review of the material covered and a reassertion of the stated benefits of mobile computing. Chapter II Review of Related Literature This chapter presents the literature and related studies that clarifies the different aspects of the research. It also discusses the theories about the subject, and its purpose. The commodities, new devices, services, in technology are needs of man for a better fuller life which is the concern of the research. These useful arts are the products of the technological environment and the end-user is society in general. The excerpt was stated by Josefina Estolas in the book Fundamentals of Research (1995). Science and technology are essential for national development and progress. The State shall give priority to research and development, invention, and their utilization, and to science and technology education according to the 1987 Philippine Constitution (Article XIV, Section 10). Since computer power was the critical resource, efficiency of processing became the main goal. Emphasis was placed on automating existing process such as purchasing or paying, often within single department as indicated by Jeffrey A. Hofer on Modern System Analysis and Design (1996). A major purpose of a database system is to provide users with an abstract view of data. That is the system hides certain details of how the data are stored and maintained as stated by Abraham Silberschatz, Database System Concepts (1999). A database is an organized collection of facts and information. An organizations database can contain facts and information on customers, employees, inventory, competitors, sales information and much more. Most Managers and executive believe a database is one of the most valuable and important parts of a computer-based Information System in accordance with Ralph M. Stair’s Fundamentals of Information System (2001). a. Foreign Literature * Salon Booker Salon Booker is the leading online scheduling, point-of-sale and business management software for the beauty industry. Thousands of businesses have joined the Gramercy. One family to provide online booking to their customers, manage day-to-day operations and drive new business. Salon Booker is completely web-based, which makes it available from any computer with a browser and internet connection, anywhere at any time, even via an smart phone or iPad. With Salon Booker you will be able to manage your business efficiently by integrating multiple systems in to one, save time through intelligent inventory and commission management and track and report across all activities within your business. * Leprechaun Spa Leprechaun Spa and Salon Software is easy-to-use, point-of-sale management software developed by spa and salon owners for salons and day spas. Leprechaun spa and salon management software facilitates most daily spa and salon management functions, eliminating paperwork and saving time and money. Its features include sales tracking, sales reports, payroll systems and more. Bibliography Karch, M. (2011). What is Google Android? Retrieved from http://google.about.com/od/ Karch, M. (2011). What is Google Android? Retrieved from http://google.about.com/od/ socialtoolsfromgoogle/p/android_what_is.ht Reardon, M. (2008, April 1). Google Android and the Wireless Future. CNET News. Retrieved from http://www.cnet.com/4520-13935_1-6853338-1.html?tag=mncol%3b3n Ruffolo, R. (2008, August 5). The Biggest Obstacles Facing Google’s Android [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.itworldcanada.com/news/the-biggest-obstacles-facing-googles-android/03721 Android(Operating System). (n.d.). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Android_%28operating_system%29 May 1, 2011 The New Faces of Android. (2009, September 16). Retrieved from http://www.technologyreview.com/business/23478/ May 1, 2011 http://www.studymode.com/essays/Review-Related-Literature-1071040.html http://www.salonbooker.com/ http://www.squidoo.com/leprechaun-salon-software-hair-salon-software-nail-salon-software-tanning-salon-software

Dramatic nature of Cleopatra Essays

Dramatic nature of Cleopatra Essays Dramatic nature of Cleopatra Essay Dramatic nature of Cleopatra Essay Her odd relationship with Antony is because of her duel emotions for him, as if she doesnt like him when he is present, but misses him dearly when he is absent. Although she is such a dominant, almost arrogant character it seems that she does have some insecurities. During the first exchange, when she belittles Antony, there is a hint of jealousy and this introduces tension into the play. This idea that she is jealous of Fulvia is furthered later when she calls Fulvia a nagging wife: Shrill-tongued Fulvia scolds and asks: Why did he marry Fulvia and not love her?, and by using the 3rd person in reference to Antony, she starts to show her jealousy. These exchanges illustrate Cleopatra to be quite insecure and unsure about Antony when it comes to Fulvia his wife; however this certain jealousy is short lived with Fulvia dying soon after. In addition it could be that she constantly needs to be centre of attention, and needs compliments to keep her self esteem high. In the same scene she appears to be quite ego mongering and is always fishing for compliments like: If it be love indeed, tell me how much. When Antony replies with a flattering phrase about their love, she takes control again and says: Ill set a bourn how far to be beloved, as if his limit of love is not enough and so she must limit on how much he may love her, which again links in with the theme of excess, and this also demonstrates further her personality as being dominant and controlling. Another trait that Cleopatra has been presented with in Act 1 is the dramatic nature of her personality which is also reflected in her speech. When she talks of Fulvia she talks in a very dramatic vain and the constant use of punctuation and rhetorical questions show this. Her dramatic being resurfaces later on, in scene 2, when she says: I am sick and sullenhelp me away, dear Charmain! I shall fall at the sight of Antony and also in scene 5 in the exchange between her and Alexas: Note himnote himnote him, suggesting that the triple note him adds to the idea that there is evidence of theatrical conciseness, and highlights the dramatic nature of Cleopatra. The final characteristic of Cleopatra is the idea of mysticism. This is a current theme in the play and applies to Egypt but also to Cleopatra to an extent. She is described as a: gipsy and an enchanting queen, which links to this idea but also to the fact that many felt she was keeping Antony almost under a spell and her antics are often described as: witchcraft. The idea of her keeping Antony away from Rome is reiterated in Antonys words: These strong Egyptian fetters I must break, picturing Cleopatra as a temptress keeping Antony in Egypt rather that Rome neglecting his responsibilities as a leader. In conclusion Cleopatra is presented as a dominant typically passionately Egyptian women especially when loving Antony. She epitomizes Egypt and all that it stands for, that is: overindulgence, and a women who is presented as being very complicated when it comes to her feelings.

Free Essays on Silas Marner

Silas Marner In George Elliot’s novel, Silas Marner, the author illustrates three different types of women through her characters. There is Nancy Lameter-Cass, who concentrates on her role as a dutiful wife and on her husband’s happiness, her sister Priscilla, unmarried and managing her father’s farm she has the unconventional role and is an outcast in Ravloe, and Dolly Winthrop, who plays a good mother figure not only in her own family and to Eppie but in the community as well. Nancy Lameter concentrated on Godfrey Cass even before they were married. Although Nancy tells Priscilla that she never means to be married, she thinks of being the Squire’s wife, and treasures the dried flowers Godfrey gave her. Now that they are married she occupies herself with thoughts of Godfrey and his state of mind. Nancy had one child, but after the infant died, she decided that having no children was harder on Godfrey than her, "It was very different-it was much harder for a man to be disappointed in that way: a woman could always be satisfied with devoting herself to her husband, but a man wanted something that would make him look forward more-and sitting by the fire was so much duller to him than to a woman"(158). In this novel the character of Nancy depicts the dependent and dutiful wife. Priscilla is the opposite of her sister Nancy. Priscilla Lameter remains unmarried and runs her fathers farm, being as independent as a woman could be in the time period. Priscilla "likes to see the men mastered"(98), and is often referred to as an Old Maid. Priscilla’s being unmarried makes her the outcast in Ravloe. She never regrets her choices in life, only her sister’s. Dolly Winthrop is not only a mother figure in her own family but throughout the town; after Silas found Molly Dr. Kimble addresses Godfrey "†¦Let somebody run to W... Free Essays on Silas Marner Free Essays on Silas Marner Silas Marner In George Elliot’s novel, Silas Marner, the author illustrates three different types of women through her characters. There is Nancy Lameter-Cass, who concentrates on her role as a dutiful wife and on her husband’s happiness, her sister Priscilla, unmarried and managing her father’s farm she has the unconventional role and is an outcast in Ravloe, and Dolly Winthrop, who plays a good mother figure not only in her own family and to Eppie but in the community as well. Nancy Lameter concentrated on Godfrey Cass even before they were married. Although Nancy tells Priscilla that she never means to be married, she thinks of being the Squire’s wife, and treasures the dried flowers Godfrey gave her. Now that they are married she occupies herself with thoughts of Godfrey and his state of mind. Nancy had one child, but after the infant died, she decided that having no children was harder on Godfrey than her, "It was very different-it was much harder for a man to be disappointed in that way: a woman could always be satisfied with devoting herself to her husband, but a man wanted something that would make him look forward more-and sitting by the fire was so much duller to him than to a woman"(158). In this novel the character of Nancy depicts the dependent and dutiful wife. Priscilla is the opposite of her sister Nancy. Priscilla Lameter remains unmarried and runs her fathers farm, being as independent as a woman could be in the time period. Priscilla "likes to see the men mastered"(98), and is often referred to as an Old Maid. Priscilla’s being unmarried makes her the outcast in Ravloe. She never regrets her choices in life, only her sister’s. Dolly Winthrop is not only a mother figure in her own family but throughout the town; after Silas found Molly Dr. Kimble addresses Godfrey "†¦Let somebody run to W... Free Essays on Silas Marner Silas Marner is a novel about a character, which is portrayed in an ascending positivism throughout the whole book and scenery. One of the main aspects of Silas’ life is his life as a communal member of the village of Raveloe. Much of the dramatic force in the novel is focused on his social life as a whole. The old saying â€Å"People need people† is expounded on in this novel on the positive basis, although much of the relationships in the book are reluctant and unsuccessful. An unsuccessful relationship between Dunstan and Godfrey is one of the greatest aspects of this book which sets the narrative in motion. At the beginning of the plot, both brothers argue over borrowed money for a long time not coming to a conclusion. Their personalities show, as though they’ve set each other up, so when it comes to their misunderstanding, they would be able to bribe each other with knowledge, pretending if one doesn’t do according to the other’s will, they will both go down as one. Dunstan’s threats towards Godfrey of telling about his secret marriage have made Godfrey realize that it’s worth it to sell his horse and render his brother the monetary loan. But Dunstan’s shortcoming of accidentally killing the horse has affected their relationship indirectly, thus making him rob Silas and never come back to his homeland because of his unscrupulous character. In the end of the book, Godfrey Cass, already married to Nancy, found out about his brother’s death, which occurred fifteen years ago. He never mourned over him, but rather he is desperately pressured about his conscience and after a long scrutiny on all of the consequences that might follow, he decided to confess to his wife about the previous marriage and about his child â€Å"Eppie†. This conclusion coincides with the statement â€Å"People need people†, since Godfrey truthfully mourned over his brother, but it was an unusual mourn. Moreover, it was a psychological mour...

Week 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Week 3 - Assignment Example Transistors came to replace the huge vacuum tubes in radios, computer and other electronics. An integrated circuit commonly referred to as the IC was developed by Jack Kilby of the Texas Instruments. The IC consisted of tiny transistor put together (Natarajan, 60). They were efficient and small in size thus saving space. Machine speed was increased due to the reduced distance making the electrons to travel faster. 1950s set a platform for advancement in computer that would be observed into the 1960s and the 1970s (Elleithy, 103). It also marked the start of rapid electronic change that is felt up to current. The past twenty years have recorded a rapid growth in computer technology, think of the smart devices available, think of cloud computing. All this have had an impact on our economic and social life. Information will dictate future power. Many believe that power is vested in information. The advancement has resulted to a revolution in artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, and quantum physics. In the next thirty years or so, the advances will impact our lives and work. Ideas of virtual reality such as ones shown on movies like Matrix will probably come true in the decades ahead (Francisco, 212). Nanotechnology will assist scientists to develop microchips, logic gates and electrical conductors. One atom will be used to build chips. Advance computers will be generated such as electronic nanocomputers, biochemical and chemical nanocomputers, mechanical nanocomputers and quantum nanocomputers. Artificial intelligence is a computer science branch that aims at making computer to have the behavior of humans (Francisco, 218). It involves computer programming. Computer will be capable of making real situations of life through expert systems. Computer will understand the language of humans through natural language. Through robotics, computer will be able to hear, see and react to sensory stimuli (Elleithy, 241).

Orientalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Orientalism - Essay Example depiction of Arab world by the media, literature and films, which were full of sensual women who were there to be used by men and East was depicted as a mysterious place full of secrets. This had no link with the people, who actually lived there, says Said. Said calls this viewpoint, orientalism and emphasises that this orientalist approach was creating an image outside history as if the life of the orient was placid, still and eternal. He elaborates his argument by saying that this was actually the creation of an ideal ‘other’. In the next part, orientalism is located by Said in the context of imperial conquest. Said reminds that Napolian invaded Egypt not only with his army, but with scientists, architects, philologists, biologists, historians etc. Said says that the job of these non-military people was to record Egypt for the Europians, conveniently suiting the invader’s ideology. The second section also specifically deals with American orientalism. According t o Said, the ideas of Britain and France of the orient were weaved around direct experience of ruling these nations but US never directly occupied the east or Middle East and so their experience was indirect. So, says Said, the American orientalism is much more based on abstractions. And he adds that American orientalism is politicized by the presence of Israel. Said reminds us that there is no word spoken in US about the dispossessed millions in Palestine and the prolonged Israeli occupation of Gaza but Hamas is depicted as villains who kill Israeli children.. So the average American never gets the opportunity to see without prejudice, the real Arab world, says Said. Said enters the contemporary realm at this stage and goes on to say that orientalism today is mainly, the demonisation of Islam in the news and popular culture. He states that always the Muslims are shown dressed in black, wearing masks and conducting violent acts, by the media. Terrorism, which is incorrectly named as Islamic